Moment
Fourteen banks in one room
Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 23 September 1998
Long-Term Capital Management had lost most of its capital after Russia's default broke trades built on small price differences and vast leverage. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York brought major creditors together; fourteen financial institutions agreed to inject $3.625 billion in exchange for 90 percent of the fund. The aim was not to save its owners, but to prevent a disorderly liquidation from destabilizing markets worldwide.
- The fund
- LTCM
- Participants
- Fourteen
- Capital
- $3.625 billion
The caveat
The New York Fed organized the meeting but supplied no public money, and historians still debate how disastrous an uncontrolled failure would have been. The episode was a private recapitalization, not a government bailout.
The information problem was systemic. Each bank could see its own contracts with LTCM, but no one could see the complete web of leverage and overlapping positions. With the weakest counterparty impossible to identify, lenders had reason to assume danger everywhere and withdraw. A problem inside one fund threatened to become a market-wide refusal to trade.
The rescue became a warning that hidden leverage inside one fund could threaten the financial system.
How it connects
The afternoon the largest creditors chose a private rescue over a market-wide fire sale.
This moment appeared in What hidden knowledge does to markets, the Involves connection for July 30, 2026, which asked: How did one hedge fund make the world's largest banks afraid to trade?
Check yourself
What happened at the New York Fed on 23 September 1998?
Fourteen financial institutions agreed to inject $3.625 billion into LTCM in exchange for 90 percent of the fund.. Right. Creditors put up private capital for control of the fund; the Fed organized the meeting but spent no public money.
What the sources establish
On September 23, 1998, fourteen banks and securities firms agreed to recapitalize LTCM with $3.625 billion in exchange for 90 percent of the fund.
The New York Fed facilitated the meeting; no Federal Reserve or public money was spent or committed in the recapitalization.
Sources
Statement before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives (William J. McDonough, 1998), Account of the September 22–23 meetings and the fourteen-firm private recapitalization
Testimony before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives (Alan Greenspan, 1998), Discussion of market seizing up, private-sector adjustment, and absence of public funds
Near Failure of Long-Term Capital Management (Federal Reserve History, 2013), Narrative of the September 23, 1998 consortium agreement for $3.625 billion and 90 percent ownership